Nutritional Pearls: Higher-Quality Carbohydrates Linked to Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer
Sherrie is a 60-year-old woman whose mother died from breast cancer. She asks you what she can control, like her diet, that can reduce the risk of breast cancer and why.
How do you advise your patient?
(Answer and discussion on next page)
Dr. Gourmet is the definitive health and nutrition web resource for both physicians and patients with evidence-based resources including special diets for coumadin users, patients with GERD/acid reflux, celiac disease, type 2 diabetes, low sodium diets (1500 mg/d), and lactose intolerance.
Timothy S. Harlan, MD, is a board-certified internist and professional chef who translates the Mediterranean diet for the American kitchen with familiar, healthy recipes. He is an assistant dean for clinical services, executive director of The Goldring Center for Culinary Medicine, associate professor of medicine at Tulane University in New Orleans, and faculty chair of the all-new Certified Culinary Medicine Specialist program.
Answer: A diet similar to a Mediterranean-style diet might help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and breast cancer. A diet higher in whole grains and other high-quality carbohydrates is healthier for you vs a diet higher in processed foods and sugary drinks.
In the past, I have reported on a study that suggested that a diet similar to a Mediterranean-style diet might help reduce the risk of breast cancer. Today's research might shed some light on why.
The Research
A team of Spanish researchers utilized data gathered for the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project, an ongoing, long-term, large-scale cohort study that was created to allow research into the links between diet and chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer.1
As of July 2018, nearly 14,000 women had completed the baseline questionnaire administered upon joining the study and at least one follow-up study. Both questionnaires included a dietary questionnaire, as well as gathering information on health and demographics.
The authors worked with dietitians to evaluate the quantity and types of carbohydrates the women consumed, first assessing liquid carbohydrates in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juices, then assessing solid carbohydrates. These were additionally broken out into refined grains vs whole grains.
Each participant's diet was then categorized into a Carbohydrate Quality Index (CQI), a composite of total fiber intake, the ratio of whole grains to total grain intake, overall average glycemic index, and ratio of solid carbohydrate to liquid carbohydrate. Each quintile of intake was assigned 1 point, with the maximum points possible at 20 and a minimum number of 4 points. A higher score meant a diet higher in whole grains and other high-quality carbohydrates vs a diet higher in ultra-processed foods and sugary drinks.
The Results
Over the course of the nearly 12 years of data collected, just 101 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, with their diagnoses confirmed by medical records. Their CQI was compared with that of those women who did not develop breast cancer.
After taking into account such variables as age at menarche, number of pregnancies, menopausal status, and caloric intake, the authors found that compared to those who scored between 4 and 10, those whose CQI was 18 or above were 61% less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer.
After further analyzing the impact of individual components of the CQI, they found that those who scored in the top third for a higher ratio of whole grains to total carbohydrates enjoyed a 44% lower risk of breast cancer. Interestingly, comparisons of fiber intake were inconclusive and a higher overall glycemic index appeared to increase the risk of breast cancer. Further, when the authors analyzed only those whose carbohydrate intake was less than 50% of their total calories, those with the highest CQI had a 42% lower risk of breast cancer.
What’s the Take Home?
As always, it's the quality of the carbohydrates you're consuming that seems to have the most impact on your health, not how much. Choose whole grain breads,2 use brown rice instead of white rice, and snack on fruit or nuts instead of sweets or pretzels.
References:
- Romanos-Nanclares A, Gea A, Martínez-González MÁ, Zazpe I, Gardeazabal I, Fernandez-Lazaro CI, Toledo E. Carbohydrate quality index and breast cancer risk in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(1):137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.037
- Harlan TS. Eating healthy: the basics. Dr Gourmet. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.drgourmet.com/eatinghealthy/newpantry4.shtml